do concurrent は、Fortran2008 で導入された構文で、forall とよく似たループ変数の形を取りますが、forall と違って配列への代入文だけではなく、他の pure な命令を記述できます。forall より記述できる範囲が広がっています。 コンパイラは do concurrent ループを並列化することが期待されています。
Mandelbrot 集合の計算は、各座標ごとに独立なので、pure 属性を付けた function にすることが可能です。これにより並列実行が保証されます。elemental 属性も付けたので、座標点を配列で用意しておけば do..loop を露わに回す必要もなくなります。（実際に試したところ、自動並列化されるときもあり、コンパイラディレクティブをつけないと並列化されない時もありでまちまちです。理由がよくわかりません。なお、並列化した後の実行速度には do concurrent と大差ありません。）
実行結果
do concurrent は自動並列化されて実行されています。cpu 実行時間が実経過時間より大きくなっています。
ソース・プログラム
作図はオブジェクト指向的にしたルーチンで。abstract interface で骨組みを定義してから実装しています。callback routine へ渡す変数の扱いがよくわから無いので完全ローカル化できていません。
module m_oop implicit none type :: t_rgb integer :: ir, ig, ib end type t_rgb type, abstract :: t_device character(len = 80) :: title = 'Plotter' integer :: nsize_x = 640, nsize_y = 480 integer :: line_width = 1 type (t_rgb) :: rgb = t_rgb(0, 0, 0) contains procedure (device_on), deferred, pass :: on procedure (device_off), deferred, pass :: off procedure (device_show), deferred, pass :: show procedure (device_pen), deferred, pass :: pen procedure (device_lineTo), deferred, pass :: lineTo procedure (device_moveTo), deferred, pass :: moveTo procedure (device_dot), deferred, pass :: dot end type t_device abstract interface subroutine device_on(self) import :: t_device class(t_device), intent(in out) :: self end subroutine device_on subroutine device_off(self) import :: t_device class(t_device), intent(in) :: self end subroutine device_off subroutine device_show(self) import :: t_device class(t_device), intent(in) :: self end subroutine device_show subroutine device_pen(self, line_width, rgb) import :: t_device, t_rgb class(t_device), intent(in out) :: self integer, intent(in), optional :: line_width type (t_rgb), intent(in), optional :: rgb end subroutine device_pen subroutine device_lineTo(self, ix, iy) import :: t_device class(t_device), intent(in) :: self integer, intent(in) :: ix, iy end subroutine device_lineTo subroutine device_moveTo(self, ix, iy) import :: t_device class(t_device), intent(in) :: self integer, intent(in) :: ix, iy end subroutine device_moveTo subroutine device_dot(self, ix, iy, icol) import :: t_device, t_rgb class(t_device), intent(in) :: self integer, intent(in) :: ix, iy integer, intent(in) :: icol ! type (t_rgb), intent(in) :: rgb end subroutine device_dot end interface end module m_oop module m_win32 use ifwina use ifwinty use ifmt, only : RTL_CRITICAL_SECTION use m_oop implicit none type, extends(t_device) :: t_win32 contains procedure, pass :: on => gr_on procedure, pass :: off => gr_off procedure, pass :: show => gr_show procedure, pass :: pen => gr_pen procedure, pass :: lineTo => gr_lineTo procedure, pass :: moveTo => gr_moveTo procedure, pass :: dot => gr_dot end type t_win32 type :: t_wnd integer (HANDLE) :: hWnd integer (HANDLE) :: hDC integer (LPINT) :: hThread integer (LPDWORD):: id integer (HANDLE) :: hPen type (RTL_CRITICAL_SECTION) :: lpCriticalSection end type t_wnd type (t_wnd) :: wnd contains !-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- integer(4) function WinMain( hInstance, nCmdShow, win32 ) implicit none integer (HANDLE), intent(in) :: hInstance integer (SINT) , intent(in) :: nCmdShow type (t_win32), intent(in) :: win32 type (T_WNDCLASS) :: wc type (T_MSG) :: mesg integer (HANDLE) :: hWndMain integer (BOOL) :: iretb character (LEN = 256) :: ClassName = 'Fortran'//char(0) integer :: iwindow_frame_x, iwindow_frame_y logical, save :: first = .true. ! Init Main window iwindow_frame_x = 2 * GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXFIXEDFRAME) !side line = 6, title bar = 25 iwindow_frame_y = 2 * GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYFIXEDFRAME) + GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYCAPTION) ! if (first) then WinMain = -1 ! Error code wc%lpszClassName = loc(ClassName) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC(xxx) = TRANSFER(C_LOC(xxx), iii) wc%lpfnWndProc = loc(MainWndProc) ! CALLBACK procedure name wc%style = ior(CS_VREDRAW , CS_HREDRAW) wc%hInstance = hInstance wc%hIcon = NULL wc%hCursor = LoadCursor( NULL, IDC_ARROW ) wc%hbrBackground = ( COLOR_WINDOW + 1 ) if ( RegisterClass(wc) == 0 ) return ! initialize window first = .false. end if ! Init instance WinMain = -2 ! Error code hWndMain = CreateWindowEx( 0, ClassName, & trim(win32%title)//char(0), & int(ior(WS_OVERLAPPED, WS_SYSMENU)), & CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, & win32%nsize_x + iwindow_frame_x, & win32%nsize_y + iwindow_frame_y, & 0, 0, & hInstance, & NULL ) if (hWndMain == 0) return iretb = ShowWindow( hWndMain, nCmdShow ) iretb = UpdateWindow( hWndMain ) ! Message Loop do while ( GetMessage (mesg, NULL, 0, 0) ) iretb = TranslateMessage( mesg ) iretb = DispatchMessage( mesg ) end do WinMain = mesg%wParam return end function WinMain !------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- integer (LRESULT) function MainWndProc( hWnd, mesg, wParam, lParam ) !DEC$ ATTRIBUTES STDcall, DECORATE, ALIAS : 'MainWndProc' :: MainWndProc integer (HANDLE) , intent(in) :: hWnd integer (UINT) , intent(in) :: mesg integer (fwParam), intent(in) :: wParam integer (flParam), intent(in) :: lParam ! integer (HANDLE) :: hDC, hBmp integer (BOOL) :: iretb type (T_PAINTSTRUCT) :: ps type (T_RECT) :: rc ! MainWndProc = 0 select case ( mesg ) case (WM_CREATE) wnd%hWnd = hWnd hDC = GetDC(hWnd) wnd%hDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hDC) iretb = GetClientRect(hWnd, rc) hBmp = CreateCompatibleBitmap(hDC, rc%right - rc%left, rc%bottom - rc%top) iretb = SelectObject(wnd%hDC, hBmp) iretb = PatBlt(wnd%hDC, 0, 0, rc%right - rc%left, rc%bottom - rc%top, WHITENESS) iretb = ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC) iretb = DeleteObject(hBmp) case (WM_DESTROY) call EnterCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) iretb = DeleteObject( wnd%hDC ) call PostQuitMessage( 0 ) call LeaveCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) case (WM_PAINT) call EnterCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) hDC = BeginPaint( wnd%hWnd, ps ) iretb = GetClientRect( wnd%hWnd, rc ) iretb = BitBlt(hDC, 0, 0, rc%right - rc%left, rc%bottom - rc%top, wnd%hDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY) iretb = endPaint( wnd%hWnd, ps ) call LeaveCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) case (WM_RBUTTONUP) call EnterCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) iretb = DeleteObject( wnd%hDC ) call PostQuitMessage( 0 ) call LeaveCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) case default MainWndProc = DefWindowProc( hWnd, mesg, wParam, lParam ) end select return end function MainWndProc !------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- subroutine gr_on(self) use IFMT, only : CreateThread ! multithread module class(t_win32), intent(in out) :: self integer (BOOL) :: iretb integer (HANDLE) :: hBmp type (T_RECT) :: rc call InitializeCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC wnd%hThread = CreateThread(NULL, 0, Thread_Proc, NULL, CREATE_SUSPENDED, wnd%id) iretb = SetThreadPriority(wnd%hThread, THREAD_PRIORITY_BELOW_NORMAL) iretb = ResumeThread(wnd%hThread) call sleep(100) ! wait for Window initialization iretb = GetClientRect(wnd%hWnd, rc) hBmp = CreateCompatibleBitmap(wnd%hDC, rc%right - rc%left, rc%bottom - rc%top) iretb = SelectObject(wnd%hDC, hBmp) iretb = DeleteObject(hBmp) iretb = PatBlt(wnd%hDC, 0, 0, rc%right - rc%left, rc%bottom - rc%top, WHITENESS) wnd%hPen = CreatePen(PS_SOLID, 1, 0) return contains integer (LONG) function Thread_Proc(lp_ThreadParameter) !DEC$ ATTRIBUTES STDcall, ALIAS:"_thread_proc" :: Thread_Proc integer (LPINT), intent(in) :: lp_ThreadParameter integer :: hInst hInst = GetModuleHandle(NULL) Thread_Proc = WinMain(hInst, SW_SHOWNORMAL, self) return end function Thread_Proc end subroutine gr_on !------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- subroutine gr_off(self) class(t_win32), intent(in) :: self integer (BOOL) :: iretb integer (DWORD) :: iwait iwait = INFINITE call gr_show(self) iretb = DeleteObject(wnd%hPen) iretb = WaitForSingleObject(wnd%hThread, iwait) iretb = CloseHandle(wnd%hThread) iretb = PostMessage(wnd%hWnd, WM_DESTROY, NULL, NULL) wnd%hThread = NULL call DeleteCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC return end subroutine gr_off !------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- subroutine gr_show(self) class(t_win32), intent(in) :: self integer (BOOL):: iretb call EnterCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC iretb = InvalidateRect(wnd%hWnd, NULL, FALSE) call LeaveCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC return end subroutine gr_show !------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- subroutine gr_pen(self, line_width, rgb) class(t_win32), intent(in out) :: self integer, intent(in), optional :: line_width type (t_rgb), intent(in), optional :: rgb integer (BOOL) :: iretb associate( rgb_ => self%rgb, line_width_ => self%line_width ) if ( present(rgb) ) rgb_ = rgb if ( present(line_width) ) line_width_ = line_width call EnterCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC iretb = DeleteObject(wnd%hPen) wnd%hPen = CreatePen(PS_SOLID, line_width_, irgb(rgb_)) iretb = SelectObject(wnd%hDC, wnd%hPen) iretb = MoveToEx(wnd%hDC, 0, 0, NULL) call LeaveCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC end associate return contains integer function irgb(rgb) type(t_rgb), intent(in) :: rgb irgb = rgb%ir + (rgb%ig + (rgb%ib * 256)) * 256 return end function irgb end subroutine gr_pen !---------------------------------------------------------------- subroutine gr_moveTo(self, ix, iy) class(t_win32), intent(in) :: self integer, intent(in) :: ix, iy integer (BOOL):: iretb call EnterCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC iretb = MoveToEx(wnd%hDC, ix, iy, NULL) call LeaveCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC return end subroutine gr_moveTo !---------------------------------------------------------------- subroutine gr_lineTo(self, ix, iy) class(t_win32), intent(in) :: self integer, intent(in) :: ix, iy integer (BOOL):: iretb call EnterCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC iretb = LineTo(wnd%hDC, ix, iy) call LeaveCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC return end subroutine gr_lineTo !------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- subroutine gr_dot(self, ix, iy, icol) class(t_win32), intent(in) :: self integer, intent(in) :: ix, iy, icol integer (BOOL):: iretb call EnterCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC iretb = SetPixel(wnd%hDC, ix, iy, icol) call LeaveCriticalSection( loc(wnd%lpCriticalSection) ) ! non-standard Fortran :: LOC return end subroutine gr_dot !---------------------------------------------------------------- end module m_win32 module m_plot use m_oop use m_win32 implicit none private public :: t_rgb, t_device, t_win32 end module m_plot module m_mandel implicit none integer, parameter :: kd = kind(0.0d0) contains pure elemental integer function imandel(x, y) real(kd), intent(in) :: x, y real(kd) :: a, b, a2, b2 integer :: icount a = x b = y a2 = a * a b2 = b * b icount = 150 !maxiter do while (a2 + b2 <= 4.0_kd .AND. icount > 0) b = 2.0_kd * a * b - y a = a2 - b2 - x a2 = a * a b2 = b * b icount = icount - 1 end do imandel = icount return end function imandel end module m_mandel program Mandel use m_plot use m_mandel implicit none !integer, parameter :: kd = SELECTED_REAL_KIND(15) integer, parameter :: m = 1000 integer :: nwinx = 800, nwiny = 600 integer :: i, j, imax, jmax, maxiter, icount real (kd) :: xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax real (kd) :: xmin1, xmax1, ymin1, ymax1 real (kd) :: x, y, a, b, a2, b2, dx, dy real (kd) :: t0, t1 integer, allocatable :: ic(:, :) integer :: icol(0:m), it0, it1 class(t_device), allocatable :: fig type(t_rgb), parameter :: rgb_black = t_rgb(0, 0, 0) ! xmin = -2.0d0 !1.10950d0 xmax = 2.0d0 !1.10951d0 ymin = -2.0d0 !0.24758d0 ymax = 2.0d0 !0.24759d0 maxiter = 150 ! dx = xmax - xmin dy = ymax - ymin if (dx <= 0.0_kd .OR. dy <= 0.0_kd .OR. maxiter <= 0 .OR. maxiter > M) stop 'input error' if (dx * nwinx > dy * nwiny) then imax = nwinx jmax = nint(nwinx * dy / dx) else imax = nint(nwiny * dx / dy) jmax = int(nwiny) end if ! dx = dx / real(imax, kd) dy = dy / real(jmax, kd) icol(0) = 0 ! black j = irgb(255, 255, 255) do i = maxiter, 1, -1 icol(i) = j if (j > 1) j = j - irgb(255, 255, 255) / maxiter end do ! allocate( ic(0:imax, 0:jmax) ) ! call system_clock(it0) call cpu_time(t0) do concurrent (i = 0:imax, j = 0:jmax) x = xmin + i * dx y = ymax - j * dy ic(i, j) = imandel(x, y) end do call cpu_time(t1) call system_clock(it1) print *, ' do concurrent time =', t1 - t0, it1 - it0 ! allocate(fig, source = t_win32('Mandelbrot 1', imax, jmax, 1, rgb_black)) call fig%on() do i = 0, imax do j = 0, jmax call fig%dot(i, j, icol(ic(i, j))) end do call fig%show() end do call fig%off() deallocate(fig) stop contains integer function irgb(ir, ig, ib) implicit none integer, intent(in) :: ir, ig, ib irgb = ir + (ig + (ib * 256)) * 256 return end function irgb end program Mandel
